Customs and Morality: These refer to the practices that a society follows and upholds consistently over time. They involve the concepts of right and wrong, and moral values. Society expects its members to follow these practices, and those who violate them are considered wrong and may face criticism or punishment. For example, children are expected to take care of their elderly parents. If someone does not, they may be viewed as ungrateful or disrespectful. The customs of each society differ based on their values, so it is inappropriate to compare one’s customs with others and judge them as better or worse. Societal conditions, environment, and beliefs vary, leading to different practices in each culture.
Customs or Institutions: These are formal practices established by society that are followed over time, both directly and indirectly. Direct customs are those that have clear rules and procedures, such as those followed in schools. Indirect customs are unwritten but understood by society, often learned from older generations or peers, such as traditions related to birth, death, marriage, and festivals like New Year or home blessings.
Additionally, Thai traditions can be categorized into four types:
Life-related Traditions or Family Customs: These include customs related to birth, ordination, marriage, and funerals.
Community Customs or Festival-based Traditions: These involve public or communal traditions tied to specific festivals such as Songkran Festival, Loy Gra Tong Festival, and traditional eating customs.
Local customs: Local customs are deeply tied to the livelihoods and beliefs of different regions, with each area having its own unique traditions. In the Northeast, for example, there are distinct customs such as the Bun Bang Fai (Rocket Festival), Phi Ta Khon (Ghost Mask Festival), and Hae Tian Phansa (Candle Parade for Buddhist Lent). These traditions reflect the cultural values and practices specific to each area.
Governmental Customs: These are customs established by the government, and they can be classified into two types: state ceremonies and royal ceremonies.
-State Ceremonies: These are annual rituals set by the government, where the King may preside or delegate royal family members. Examples include the Chakri Day (April 6) and Constitution Day (December 10).
-Royal Ceremonies: These are ceremonies related to the monarchy, such as the King’s birthday celebrations.